The advantages and disadvantages Essay Example

The advantages and disadvantages Essay Example The advantages and disadvantages Essay The advantages and disadvantages Essay Citigroup may find many advantages of entering joint venture arrangements with Chinese partners. First the banking Chinese market is a restricted one and Citigroup cant enter many branches of banking activities. A joint venture is a way to allow them to penetrate those new markets with a minimal cost. The specific importance of guanxi in China is another argument in favor of this agreement since a joint venture can help acquiring these connections. On the other hand a joint venture can help making a positive impression on the POBC since it shows that the company wants to build relationships within the country and that it is here to last and to implement in the long-term. A joint venture can also help providing staff from local population more easily. For the retail business, a joint venture may be helpful for building a broad customer base thanks to Chinese banks ones which can help the targeting of Citigroups customers. In general a joint venture with a Chinese company allows the foreign company to understand better the ins and outs of the question. But some disadvantages may appear if the decision is taken to build a joint venture with a Chinese bank. First Citigroup has very few experiences in building a joint venture (only two, in Hungary and in Saudi Arabia) and it was only when forced by central banks authorities. That means that they might not be able to manage such an endeavor, in particularly since they have to deal with the specific Chinese culture and customs. Then we can see that in the case of a joint venture between Citigroup and a Chinese bank, the contribution of each partner would be unequal. Citigroup is efficient, hasstrong brand equity, and is known as very successful worldwide. The Chinese banks, on the opposite, have to be reformed since they have a lot of bad loans, they must support inefficient state-owned companies, and the government wants to control them. Even if the entry of China in WTO would force the government to let them go and to open markets, it would be very expensive for Citigroup to repair a wrecked bank1. The banking activity is very different from the industrial activities that usually use joint ventures to enter the Chinese market. And there seems to be no appropriate Chinese partner for a joint venture. Citigroup can effectively enter the Chinese market, but it needs to take care about a few important elements. It is, as we know, a strong financial institution, but the Chinese market is a very particular one. Whenever we go, we need to know the local culture and the business we are getting into. Knowing the way business works and how people think at it, is very important, and Citigroup put a big effort on trying to understand Chinas practices and the way people from there act when doing business. This is the reason why we strongly believe that they can have success, but only if they continue to commit some jobs to locals and train their best managers on-site. This will make their business healthier and more efficient. The question, anyway, is unfortunately not answered yet. Will this strong effort on local people be enough for them? Of course not. This is an important variable in the game, but not the only one. As we know, China is a mixed economy close to the extreme of command or centrally planned economy2, so it is very difficult to get state permissions to open businesses in the country. Citigroup, anyway, got it, but now it has to face with some challenges. China is going through a transition, so it is important for managers to understand the direction and the speed of change and how their own industry will be affected by these changes. Even if Chinese growth has been far stronger than for other countries in transition, China has maintained totalitarian political control while loosening the economic one, and a major challenge is privatizing SOEs. The companys success so, will also depend from the liberalization pace. To work properly and in the best way Citigroup needs really open markets. Its products, financial servies, can have a very huge market in China but, as everybody knows, the more open are the markets, the more competitive can the company become. This element let us think, especially if we consider that Chinas pension system is largely unfunded, corruption is widespread and the country rates very low in the Opacity Index and even worst in the Transparency Index, in which it is rated worst than Nigeria3! Moreover, the company allocated a lot of resources on e-business, but this is not really the best thing to do in a market like the Chinese one. The big number of restrictions on telecommunications and Internet let it be a waste of resources for the company, that pushed on this investments from an international perspective. This wont be a competitive advantage in the short term, period in which they have to rely on th one side on guanxchi and Joint Ventures that, as also the companys managers said, give to the institution short-term advantage, but not long-term benefits, and on acquisitions (their favourite strategy between the two) on the other side. The short-term objectives, anyway, are not the only one to be considered. Citigroup has got the WTO on its side. The WTO membership forced China to open its financial system to foreign corporations and, even with some hesitation, China is opening more and more its borders to foreign companies. Another reason for the possible future companys success is the fact that Chinese companies can learn a lot from Citigroup, copying its way of doing business and trying to achieve specific skills that nobody else have, so they will not strive for eliminate a company that can give them such an innovation. Some critics say that to achieve complete success in china and Compete more effectively within the market the Communist party should be advocated to an end. Maybe this will be impossible in the short term and, even if it could be useful, we dont think it will be necessary. Citigroups long-term objecives, then, summarized in the concept of expansion in China, can be achieved from the company just by moving slowly and following the Chinese market step by step. Despite the market situation and darkness, there are absolutely good elements that let us think at Citigroup as successful in competing with Chinese financial institutions. 4. Present and defend your recommendations in regard to a strategy for Citigroup. Citigroup wants to enter the Chinese market to expand its product line and market share, but before starting with that the company needs a deep analysis of the market in which it wants to operate.

Create Activity Night Opportunities for Families

Create Activity Night Opportunities for Families While students in grades 7-12 may be testing their independence, parents and caregivers may feel as though they are becoming less necessary. Research shows, however, that even at middle school and high school grade levels, keeping parents in the loop is critical to each students academic success. In the 2002 research review  A New Wave of Evidence: The Impact of School, Family, and Community Connections on Student Achievement,  Anne T. Henderson and Karen L. Mapp conclude that when parents are involved in their children’s learning both at home and at school, regardless of race/ethnicity, class, or parents’ level of education,  their children do better in school. Several of the recommendations from this report include specific types of involvement including learning-focused involvement activities including the following: Family nights focused on content areas (arts, math, or literacy)Parent-teacher conferences that involve students;Family workshops on planning for college; Family activity nights are organized on a central theme and are offered at school during hours that are favored by (working) parents. At the middle and high school levels, students can fully participate as well in these activity nights by acting as hosts/ hostesses. Depending on the theme for the activity nights, students can demonstrate or teach skills sets. Finally, students can serve as babysitters at the event for parents who need that support in order to attend. In offering these activity nights for middle and high school, consideration should be given to the age and maturity of the students in mind. Involving the middle school and high school students when planning events and activities will give them ownership of an event. Family Content Area Nights Literacy and math nights are features in elementary schools, but at the middle and high school schools, educators can look to feature specific content areas such as social studies, science, the arts or technical subject areas. The nights could feature student work products (EX: art shows, woodcraft demonstrations, culinary tastings, science fair, etc.) or student performance (EX: music, poetry reading, drama). These family nights could be organized and offered school wide as large events or in smaller venues by individual teachers in classrooms. Showcase Curriculum and Planning Nights While much attention has been been on the curriculum revisions taking place nationwide  to align with the Common Core State Standards, individual school district curriculum changes are what parents need to understand in planning academic decisions for their children. Hosting curriculum nights in middle and high school lets parents preview the sequence of study for each academic track offered in the school. A overview of a schools course offerings also  keeps parents in the loop  on  what students will learn (objectives) and how measurements for understanding will be done in both  formative assessments  and in summative assessments. Athletic Program Many parents are interested in a school districts athletic program. A family activity night is an ideal venue to share this information for designing a students academic course load and sports schedule. Coaches and educators at each school can discuss how parents should be aware of the time commitments required of participating in a sport, even at the intra-mural level. Preparation of coursework and attention on GPAs, weighted grades, and class rank given in advance to parents of students who wish to participate in college athletic scholarship programs is important, and this information from athletic directors and guidance counselors can begin as early as 7th grade. Conclusion Parent involvement can be encouraged through family activity nights that offer  information on a variety of relevant topics such as those listed above. Surveys to all stakeholders (educators, students, and parents) can help design these family activity nights in advance as well as provide feedback after participation.  Popular family activity nights can be repeated from year to year.   Regardless of the topic, all stakeholders, share responsibility in preparing preparing students for college and career readiness in the 21st Century. Family activity nights are the ideal venue to share critical information tied to this shared responsibility.

Construction organisations have adapted themselves to address change Essay

Construction organisations have adapted themselves to address change and the growing complexity of the construction industry.Pre - Essay Example One of the key characteristics of the construction industry is its high complexity; the projects developed across this industry are depended on a series of factors, including technology, climate conditions, suppliers’ and employees’ efficiency and responsibility, local regulation and so on. Therefore, for the firms that operate in the particular industry the full achievement of their goals is a challenging task; in fact, the research on the industry’s characteristics and performance has led to the conclusion that operational and strategic failures are common phenomena in this industry. This issue is discussed in this paper; it is concluded that the above failures can justify the argument that in modern market no single ideal organization can exist. The aspects and the explanation of this argument are presented in this paper referring, as an example, to the challenges and the performance of firms operating in the construction industry. 2. Change and increase of co mplexity in the construction industry - characteristics, responses and consequences - discussion of the premise that there is no single ideal organization. ... The value of the construction industry for economies worldwide cannot be ignored. For example, in USA, one of the most competitive construction markets globally, the value of the construction industry for the domestic product has estimated to 9% - referring to 2005 (Atallah 2006). Despite its size, the construction industry in USA is not well structured – a high fragmentation has been identified; more specifically, most of the industry’s firms are small and operate within their local area – about 2.1 millions of the relevant businesses are self-employed (Atallah 2006). This fact limits the potentials of these firms to face the challenges set by the globalization. The above phenomenon is common in countries worldwide. Firms in the construction industry are usually established and operate in the context of the development of particular construction projects; in many cases, the end of a construction project can set the survival of a construction firm in risk. In oth er words, there is no expansion of the activities or tasks allocated to the employees. Rather, the operation of each construction firm is depended on the successful development of a particular construction project; it is for this reason, that most of firms in this industry are self-employed – the number of employees is low. This trend is reflected in the figures released in the study of Bennett (2003); in accordance with the above study, the construction firms in Italy have been estimated to 482,000 (for 2002), a number extremely high taking into consideration the potential number of construction projects developed across the country/ compared to the country’s size and relevant needs (Bennett 2003). Moreover, in accordance with a

Nursing care for dying children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing care for dying children - Essay Example Hockenberry and Wilson (2013: 9) provide frameworks in which RN’s should operate under to ensure a child’s wellbeing. Ewing (2009:83) encourages nurses to promote healing given the fact that death remains inevitable. Hockenberry and Wilson (2013) echo the sentiment; they give avenues in which the nurse may interact with the patient without affecting his or her thinking ability. The choices to be made are personal and need not to be interfered with. Child’s welfare needs to be included while caring for them. Giving hope and creating an ample environment would be useful in the Care of Dying Children. Ewing (2009) provides two possibilities in the care; they include paediatric palliative care and end- of- life intervention. The patient according to the article needs to be joyful and given hope while at the nurse’s care. It gives an example of the child being asked to draw pictures of his or her joyful moments in life. Ewing (2009: 83) indicates that those children suffering for terminal illnesses suffer from low esteem and other personality disorder. He indicates that most of the children perceive themselves to be different from the rest. Hockenberry and Wilson (2013) introduce an aspect of anticipatory socialization, which tend to make children feel equal even with strangers. The aspect according to Ewing is lost to children with terminal illnesses. The author advocates for psychological support where the child would be used to identify a problem and the nurse act as an intermediary in offering solution. The author also suggests communication as an aspect in caring for dying children. The article gives incidences in which communication may be used in managing personality disorders among the children. The family being an important unit in the care of the children, Hockenberry and Wilson (2013) suggest their involvement in the management of children with terminal illnesses. Ewing

Assignment Questions Chapters 5-7 Psychology Essay Example for Free

Assignment Questions Chapters 5-7 Psychology Essay 1. Most current studies aimed at understanding human memory are conducted within a framework known as information-processing theory. This approach makes use of modern computer science and related fields to provide models that help psychologists understand the processes involved in memory. The general principles of the information processing approach to memory include the notion that memory involves three distinct processes. The first process, encoding, is the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory. The second process, storage, is the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory. The final process, retrieval, is the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in the memory (p.168). Two influential theorists concerning the information-processing theory are Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. They characterized memory as three different, interacting memory systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the memory system that holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about 2 seconds. Sensory memory can take in an enormous amount of information, but it can only hold on to it for a very brief period of time (p.169). Short-term memory is the component of the memory system that holds about seven (from five to nine) items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called the working memory. When short-term memory is filled to capacity, displacement can occur. In displacement, each new incoming item pushes out an existing item, which is then forgotten (p.170). Long-term memory (LTM) is the memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a persons permanent or relatively permanent memories. There are no known limits to the storage capacity of this memory system, and long-term memories can persist for years, some of them for a lifetime. Information in long-term memory is usually stored in semantic form, although visual images, sounds, and odors can be stored there as well (p.174). 2. The analogy heuristic involves comparing a problem to others you have experienced in the past. The idea is that if a particular strategy worked with similar problems in the past, it will be effective for solving a new one. Another heuristic that is effective for solving some problems is working backward, sometimes called the backward search. This approach starts with the solution, a known condition, and works back through the problem. Once the backward search has revealed the steps to be taken and their order, the problem can be solved (p.207). Another popular heuristic strategy is means-end analysis, in which the current position is compared with a desired goal, and a series of steps are formulated and then taken to close the gap between the two. When you adopt a heuristic strategy, it may or may not lead to a correct solution. By contrast, the algorithm is a problem-solving strategy that always lead to a correct solution if it is applied appropriately (p.208). 3.Research suggests that there are both advantages and disadvantages to learning two languages early in life. One of the pluses is that, among preschool and school-age children, bilingualism, fluency in at least two languages, is associated with better executive control skills on language tasks. Executive control skills enable bilingual children to suppress impulsive responses to verbal tasks and, as a result, think more carefully about them. Thus, executive control skills are important in learning to read and write. On the downside, even in adulthood, bilingualism is sometimes associated with decreased efficiency in memory tasks involving words. However, bilinguals appear to develop compensatory strategies that allow them to make up these inefficiencies. Consequently, they often perform such tasks as accurately as monolinguals, though they may respond more slowly. Researchers have found that there is no age at which it is impossible to learn a new language. While it is true that those who begin earlier reach higher levels of proficiency, age is not the only determining factor (p.214). There is one clear advantage to learning two languages earlier in life, however. People who are younger when they learn a new language are far more likely to be able to speak with an appropriate accent. One reason for this difference between early and late language learners may have to do with slight variations in neural processing in Brocas area, the area of the brain that controls speech production. Research suggests that bilinguals who learned a second language early rely on the same patch of tissue in Brocas area for both of the languages they speak. In those who learned a second language at an older age, two different sections of Brocas are are active while they are performing language tasks (p.215). 4. Charles Spearman observed that people who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well. In other words, they tend to be generally intelligent. Spearman came to believe that intelligence is composed of a general ability that underlies all intellectual functions. Spearman concluded that intelligence tests tap this g factor, or general intelligence, and a number of s factors, or specific intellectual abilities. Spearmans influence can be seen in those intelligence tests, such as the Stanford-Binet, that yield one IQ score to indicate the level of general intelligence. Howard Gardner also denies the existence of a g factor. Instead, he proposes a theory of multiple intelligences that includes eight important forms of intelligence, or frames of mind. The eight frames of mind are linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. In recent years, he has proposed a ninth type of intelligence, one that he calls existential intelligence, deals with the spiritual realm and enables us to contemplate the meaning of life. He first developed his theory by studying patients with different types of brain damage that affect some forms of intelligence but leaves other intact. The most controversial aspect of Gardners theory is his view that all forms of intelligence are of equal importance. In fact, different cultures assign varying degrees of importance to the types of intelligence (p.216-217). 5. I would perform a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule, in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, non reinforced responses. So, if my dog knew that after rolling over correctly ten times without getting reinforced meant that she would get a reinforced after those ten times, she would then learn that after rolling over ten times correctly, she would be reinforced (p.147). In fixed-rate schedules response rates are very high, and the higher the ratio, the more resistant to extinction (p.148). 6. Psycholinguistics is the study of how language is acquired, produced, and used and how the sounds and symbols of language are translated into meaning. Psycholinguists use specific terms for each of the five basic components of language. The smaller units of sound in a spoken language-such as b or s in English-are known as phonemes. Three phonemes together form the sound of the word cat: c (which sounds like k), a, and t. Combinations of letters that form particular sounds are also phonemes, such as the th in the and the ch in child. The same phoneme may be represented by different letters in different words; this occurs with the a in stay and the ei in sleigh. And the same letter can serve as different phonemes. This letter a, for example, is sounded as four different phonemes in day, cap, watch, and law. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language. A few single phonemes serve as morphemes, such as the article a and the personal pronoun I. The ending -s gives a plural meaning to a word and is thus a morpheme in English. Many words in English are single morphemes-book, word, learn, reason, and so on. In addition to root words, morphemes may be prefixes (such as re- in relearn) or suffixes (such as -ed to show past tense, as in learned). The single morpheme reason becomes a dual morpheme in reasonable. The morpheme book (singular) become two morphemes in books (plural). Syntax is the aspect of grammar that specifies the rules for arranging and combining words to form phrases and sentences. The rules of word order, syntax, differ from one language to another. For example, an important rule of syntax in English is that adjectives usually come before nouns. So English speakers refer to the residence of the U.S. president as the White House. In Spanish, in contrast, the noun usually comes before the advective, and Spanish speakers say la Casa Blanca, or the House White. Semantics refers to the meaning derived from morphemes, words, and sentences. The same word can have different meanings depending on how it is used in sentences: I dont mind. Mind your manners. He has lost his mind. Or consider another example: Loving to read, the young girl read three books last week. Here, the word read is pronounced two different ways, and in one case, is the past tense. Pragmatics, is the term psycholinguists use to refer to aspects of language such as intonation, the rising and falling patterns that are used to express meaning. For example, think about how you would say the single word cookie to express each of the following meanings: Do you want a cookie? or What a delicious looking cookie! or Thats a cookie. The subtle differences reflect your knowledge of the pragmatic rules of English (P.210-211). 7. An intelligence test is a measure of general intellectual ability. An individuals score is determined by how his responses compare to others of his or her age. Thus, intelligence tests are norm-referenced. All psychological tests, including all the various types of tests that measure cognitive ability, are judged according to the same criteria.They must provide consistent results. An intelligence test must have reliability; the test must consistently yield nearly the same score when the same person is tested and then retested on the same test or an alternative form of the test. The higher the correlation between the two scores, the more reliable the test. Tests can be highly reliable but worthless if they are not valid. Validity is the ability or power of a test to measure what it is intended to measure. Once a test is proven to be valid or reliable, the next requirement is norm-referenced standardization. There must be standard procedures for administering and scoring the test. Exactly the same directions must be given, whether written or oral, and the same amount of time must be allowed for every test taker. But even more important, standardization means establishing norms, age-based averages, by which all scores are interpreted. A test is standardized by administering it to a large sample of people who are representative of those who will be taking the test in the future. The groups score are analyzed, and then the average score, standard deviation, percentile rankings, and other measures are computed. These comparative scores become the norms used as the standard against which all other scores on that test are measured. Reliability, validity, and standardization are especially important with regard to intelligence tests because the kinds of decisions that are sometimes based on intelligence test scores can have grave consequences. For example, a few years ago the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that is unconstitutional to execute individuals who have mental retardation. Thus, a psychologist who is charged with the responsibility of administering an intelligence test to a person who will or will not be subject to the death penalty at least partly on the basis of his or her intelligence test score must ensure that the test given is reliable and valid and has been properly standardized. Likewise, childrens scores on these tests are often used to place them in special school programs that, in a very real sense, change the course of their lives for years to come. In fact, such a goal was the impetus for the development of the first standardized intelligence test (p.219). 8. In memory loss there are two broad categories that involves this kind of memory loss, amnesia and dementia. Amnesia is a partial or complete loss of memory due to loss of consciousness, brain damage, or some psychological cause. Unlike the memory disorders that are experienced by some older adults, amnesia can be experienced at any age. In some cases, amnesia takes the form of an inability to store new information. This kind of amnesia is known as anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form long-term memories of events occurring after a brain injury or brain surgery, although memories formed before the trauma are usually intact and short-term memory is unaffected. Some individuals with amnesia can form new memories, but they cannot remember the past, a disorder known as retrograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is a loss of memory for experiences that occurred shortly before a loss of consciousness. These people often lack knowledge of themselves and/or the events surrounding the development of their memory loss. It is not unusual for a person to have both retrograde and anterograde amnesia with regard to the events that immediately preceded and followed a serious car crash or other traumatic event (p. 189). Another form of memory loss is dementia. Dementia is a state of mental deterioration characterized by impaired memory and intellect and by altered personality and behavior. Dementia can result from such conditions as cerebral arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries in the brain), chronic alcoholism, and irreversible damage by a small series of strokes. Dementia is most common among older adults. However, diseases such as HIV/AIDS can cause dementia to develop in a younger person as well. About 50 to 60% of all cases of dementia result from Alzheimers disease. This is a progressive deterioration of intellect and personality that results from widespread degeneration of brain cells (p.190). 9. People reconstruct memories, piecing them together using schemas to organize fragments of information, a process that has both advantages and disadvantages. Information that fits with preexisting schemas can be efficiently remembered, but schemas can also introduce distortions into memory. Sir Frederick Bartletts research demonstrated how reconstructive processing changes memory over time (p.178). Most memories do not include source information, so memories for sources must be reconstructed. Source monitoring results in encoding of source memories. Flashbulb memories are different from others in that they always include source information, although the source information is subject to reconstruction changes over time (p.179). Autobiographical memories are reconstructed memories that include factual, emotional, and interpretive elements. They are subject to positive bias (p.180). 10. Bandura suspected that aggression and violence on television programs, including cartoons, tend to increase aggressive behavior in children. In several classic experiments, Bandura demonstrated how children are influenced by exposure to aggressive models. One study involved three groups of preschoolers. Children in one group individually observed an adult model punching, kicking, and hitting a 5-foot, inflated plastic Bobo Doll with a mallet, while uttering aggressive phrases. Children in the second group observed a nonaggressive model who ignored the Bobo Doll and sat quietly assembling Tinker Toys. The children in the control group were placed in the same setting with no adult present. Later, each child was observed through a one-way mirror. Those children exposed to the aggressive model imitated much of the aggression and also engaged in significantly more nonimitative aggression than did children in either of the other groups. The group that observed the nonaggressive model showed less aggressive behavior than the control group. The researchers concluded that of the three experimental conditions, exposure to humans on film portraying aggression was the most influential in eliciting and shaping aggressive behavior (p. 158-159). 11. Experiencing hunger pangs when you smell your favorite food is an example of classic conditioning.Your stomach rumbles when you smell your favorite food because smell and taste are so closely linked that food odors, functioning as conditioned stimuli, can actually make you think you are hungry even if you have just finished a large meal. The conditioned stimulus (CS) would be the presence of the smell of your favorite food which brings about the unconditioned stimulus (US) hunger pangs. Because humans do not need to be taught to be hungry for food, the act of feeling hungry would be the unconditioned response (UR). The conditioned response (CR) would be knowing that you will get hungry when you smell your favorite food (p.143). 12. Critics argue that therapists using hypnosis and guided imagery to help their patients recover repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse are actually implanting false memories in those patients. They are especially critical of claims of recovered memories in the first three years of life, because the hippocampus and areas of the cortex are not well developed enough to store long-term memories. Therapists who use these techniques believe that a number of psychological problems can be treated successfully by helping patients recover repressed memories of sexual abuse. These therapists believe that a process called repression, a form of motivated forgetting, can cause traumatic memories to be so deeply buried in an individuals unconscious mind that he or she has lost all awareness of them (p.192-193). 13. Writing notes, making lists, writing on a calendar, or keeping an appointment book is often more reliable and accurate than trusting to memory. But if you need information at some unpredictable moment when you dont have aids handy, several mnemonics, or memory devices, and study strategies have developed over the years to aid memory. Mnemonics, or rhymes are a common aid to remembering material that otherwise might be difficult to recall. As a child, learning to recite i over e except after c when you were trying to spell a word containing that vowel combination is an example of a mnemonic. The method of loci is a mnemonic device that be used to when you want to remember a list of items such as a grocery list. Select a familiar place your home, for example and simply associate the items to be remembered with locations there. For example, visualize the first item you want to remember in its place on the driveway, the second in the garage, and the third at the front door, and so on until you have associated the item you want to remember with a specific location. Overlearning is another method of improving memory. Overlearning is practicing or studying material beyond the point where it can be repeated once without error. It makes material more resistant to forgetting (p.173). 14. Bandura proposed that four processed determine whether observational learning will occur: Attention: The observer must attend to the model. Retention: The observer must store information about the models behavior in memory. Reproduction: The observer must be physically and cognitively capable of performing the behavior to learn it. In other words, no matter how much time you devote to watching Serena Williams play tennis or listening to Beyonce sing, you wont be able to acquire skills like these unless you possess talents that are equal to theirs. Reinforcement: Ultimately, to exhibit a behavior learned through observation, an observer must be motivated to practice and perform the behavior on his own (p.156). 15. In some cases, we are hampered in our efforts to solve problems in daily life because of functional fixedness, the failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems. Objects you use everyday such as, tools, utensils, and other equipment are what help you perform certain functions. Although, you probably do not think to use the normal functions of such objects in new and creative ways. Suppose you wanted a cup of coffee, but the glass pot for you coffeemaker was broken. If you suffered from functional fixedness, you might come to the conclusion that there was nothing you could do to solve the problem at that moment. But, rather than thinking about the object you dont have, think about the function that it needs to perform. Another impediment to problem solving is mental set, the tendency to continue to use the same old method even though another approach might be better. Perhaps you hit on a way to solve a problem once in the past and continue to use the same technique in similar situations, even though it it not highly effective of efficient. The cognitive process that underlies both functional fixedness and mental set is confirmation bias, the tendency to selectively pay attention to information that concerns preexisting beliefs and ignore data that contradict them. For example, when faced with an operating system crash, most computer users know that the first line of defense is to reboot. Every time rebooting solve the problem, confirmation bias in favor of rebooting as a solution for computer problems becomes stronger. As a result, when a problem arises that proves resistant to rebooting, most of us try rebooting a few more times before we confront the reality that rebooting isnt going to solve the problem (p.209).

The Structure in Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Structure in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Hamlet invites various interpretations of the structure because of the play’s complexity. Let us in this essay analyze various interpretations of structure.    Mark Rose, in â€Å"Reforming the Role,† highlights the â€Å"double plot† structure within Hamlet and another tragedy:    Hamlet and Lear are the only two of Shakespeare’s tragedies with double plots. [. . .] The story of Polonius’s family works analogously in Hamlet. Each member of the family is a fairly ordinary person who serves as a foil to some aspect of Hamlet’s extraordinary cunning and discipline. Polonius imagines himself a regular Machiavel, an expert at using indirections to find directions out, but compared to Hamlet he is what the prince calls him, a great baby. Ophelia, unable to control her grief, lapses into madness and a muddy death, reminding us that it is one of Hamlet’s achievements that he does not go mad but only plays at insanity to disguise his true strength. And Laertes, of course, goes mad in a different fashion and becomes the model of the kind of revenger that Hamlet so disdains. (125)    A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy analyzes the structure of Shakespearean tragedy:    As a Shakespearean tragedy represents a conflict which terminates in a catastrophe, any such tragedy may roughly be divided into three parts. The first of these sets forth or expounds the situation, or state of affairs, out of which the conflict arises; and it may, therefore, be called the Exposition. The second deals with the definite beginning, the growth and the vicissitudes of the conflict. It forms accordingly the bulk of the play, comprising the Second, Third and Fourth Acts, and usually a part of the First and a part of the Fifth. The final section of the tragedy shows the issue of the conflict in a catastrophe. (52)    Thus the first step of the structure of Hamlet involves the presentation of a conflict-generating situation. Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes the beginning of the Exposition of the drama: The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dressed in complete armor and with a face like that of the dead king of Denmark, Hamlet’s father.

Criminal Investigations Essay

1.The methods of inquiry is divided into 2 distinct categories. One category is archeologist, historian, journalist, epidemiologist, and criminal investigator. The second category is scientist in general including artist. Fusing these categories together allows the reconstruction of the past. Methods of inquiry use techniques common to both science and art. During an investigation is it important to figure out what took place before the crime was committed to give the police a better understanding of where it took place, why it took place, how it took place and all the events that lead up to the crime. Osterburg, J. W. & Ward, R. H. (2010). Criminal investigation, A method for reconstructing the past (6th ed.) 2.The optimal mindset of an investigator should be open minded and investigative. It is manifested by going into a scene looking at scene from all angles not by having it in your head it was done one way and there is no other possibility. The investigative mindset comes from experiencing it hands on or by practicing. Some people are born with this mindset. An investigative mind gives us the ability to see what a naked eye wouldn’t. It also allows us to see evidence others may not think would be related to the scene. With both mindsets we come in with the questions of who, what, why, when, where? Osterburg, J. W. & Ward, R. H. (2010). Criminal investigation, A method for reconstructing the past (6th ed.) 3. Scientific method is observing, thinking about and solving problems. Investigators will use these methods throughout the entire investigation. Once the investigator arrives on scene they will make note of what they see in regards to bullets, tools, impressions, motive, blood spatter, and how it compares to other unsolved crimes. The investigator will use observation and thinking about the scene to lead him to solve the crime. These methods will also lead to catching the perpetrator. A reason may even be drawn to conclude as to the cause of the crime. Osterburg, J. W. & Ward, R. H. (2010). Criminal investigation, A method for reconstructing the past (6th ed.) 4. The primary sources are used to reconstruct the past and the events leading up to the crime. The sources are records, physical evidence, and people. The people may be victims or eyewitnesses of the crime. The records would be use of stolen credit cards, forged checks, or ransom notes. The physical evidence would be shoe impressions, tool impressions, if barefoot it would be foot impressions, fingerprints, fibers or hair. People can be of value as well. They may know a wealth of information as to who committed the crime, the location of the perpetrator. They may be able to lead you to a person of interest. If nothing else the can give you valuable evidence such as a description. Osterburg, J. W. & Ward, R. H. (2010). Criminal investigation, A method for reconstructing the past (6th ed.)

Mayon: the Origin Essay

Her unsullied splendor cannot be denied. The sight of her can take one’s breath away. She is simply radiant as she stands tall and grand in the horizon. She is truly a one of a kind beauty that captivates anyone who pays her a visit. You have to be visually challenged to miss her brilliance. When she sleeps, she’s as gentle as a baby but when she stirs, she could easily strike horror among the hearts of men. She is loved for her beauty and tranquillity and spurned for her sometimes deadly and devastating aspect. This beauty is none other but the majestic Mt. Mayon which is located in the province of Albay in the Bicol region. It is known around the globe for its flawless cone shape. In some ways, she is like a shy maiden who likes to hide, using the clouds above her like a veil. Legendary Origin The legend of Mt. Mayon goes around the tragic love story of a beautiful young heroine named Daragang Magayon and a dauntless warrior. The legend has been narrated and passed on from generation to generation by the people of Albay. The legend has become a part of the lives of the people living in Daraga, Albay because Mt. Mayon plays an integral part in their beliefs, cultural practices and festivities. In fact, there’s an annual festival called Magayon Festival which is celebrated every month of May. The festival relives the legend of Mount Mayon. Different versions of the origin of the majestic Mayon Volcano have risen because of the oral tradition of telling stories and handing them down to the next line of descent. First version The legend is about the story of a beautiful lady named Daragang Magayon who lives in Kabikolan before the separation of the Philippines to mainland Asia. At that time, a maiden could not marry a man who lived outside the Kabikolan. Daragang Magayon rejected a native suitor named Paratuga. He was rich but selfish. She confessed to her father, Tiong Makusog, who also happened to be the chief of the village that she had fallen in love with a stranger named Panganoron, who saved her from drowning. Her father loved her so much and told her that he would find a way to fulfil the longing of her heart. The manipulative Paratuga decided to kidnap Tiong Makusog to force Daragang Magayon to marry him. The lovely maiden did not have a choice but to agree to the kidnapper’s demand. When Panganoron found out about the deceit, he attacked the village of Paratuga. As soon as he arrived at the wedding ceremony, Daragang Magayon hurried to his side but she was hit by a stray arrow. As Panganoron lifted the fallen maiden, he was attacked from behind. The lovers died in that unfortunate event. Tiong Makusog buried his daughter together with all her earthly possessions that Paratuga had bestowed on her as wedding gifts such as gold and precious stones. To everyone’s surprise, the burial ground began to rise a week after the burial. There were always white clouds hovering on top of the mound. The mound grew bigger and bigger as time passed. The legend goes on that the angry spirit of Paratuga sometimes attempts to unearth the grave of Daragang Magayon to get back the gold and precious stones that he gave her, which causes tremors and volcanic eruptions. He never succeeds in his quest and always ends up getting rocks and lava from the volcano. The cloud that hovers over the volcano is said to be the spirit of Panganoron who still weeps over the loss of his love. His tears fall to the earth as raindrops. Second version There lived a man named Magayon who had a beautiful princess as a niece. He was tremendously protective of her and never allowed a man to come close enough to ask her hand. One day, a brave warrior arrived and became attracted to the princess’ beauty. He asked the aid of the wind to help him pass through the royal chamber so he could lure the princess to elope with him. When the lovers left, Magayon followed them. The princess and the warrior asked the help of the Gods to save them. Suddenly a landslide occurred and buried Magayon. According to the legend, the eruption of Mt. Mayon is brought about by the anger of Magayon. Third version The third version of the legend is told by Laura Agpay, a native of Bicol. There was once a princess named Daragang Magayon. She lived in Bicol where her family reigned supreme over the entire place. She was known for her unrivalled beauty. Many warriors, princes and datus would travel from different areas of the country in the hope of getting her hand in marriage. Magayon did not like any of the royalties who were presented to her because her heart has already been captured by a warrior and prince named Handiong. Unfortunately, Handiong hailed from the rival tribe, the enemy of Magayon tribe. Magayon and Handiong suffered tremendously from their tribes’ attempts to separate them. When they could not stand being apart anymore, they fled, which resulted to a blood bath between the two enemy tribes. The young lovers could not accept the pain and torment of the events that followed. The two decided to end their lives. Even in death, the tribes separated the young couple. After several months, the Magayon tribe noticed a volcano growing in the spot where Magayon was buried. They named the volcano â€Å"Bulkang Magayon† depicting its perfect shape just like their beautiful Daragang Magayon.

The Bell X essays

The Bell X essays Fifty years ago, in 1947, it was common knowledge that there was a "Wall of Air" at the speed of sound. As an airplane neared this critical point, shock waves would pound its wings and tail. The pilot would lose control, a condition then called "compressibility." Often, the airplane would shatter into pieces. Dozens had lost their life trying to break through this "sound barrier." By early 1947, the British had thrown in the towel when their plane, a unique tailless design called "The Swallow," self-destructed at 0.94 Mach. The pilot, Geoffrey De Havilland, Jr., was killed instantly. This left the field to the Americans. Under US Army Air Forces and NACA contract, engineers at Bell Aircraft Corporation designed and built a unique airplane for the task of surmounting the Wall. It was called the X-1. Painted a brilliant orange for better visibility, the X-1 was unlike other aircraft of its day. It was shaped like a bullet with wings sharpened to a razor edge. Its XLR-11 engine, a 4-chamber rocket nicknamed, Black Betsy, was fueled by a dangerously volatile mixture of liquid oxygen and diluted ethyl alcohol. Every time you flicked the switch to fire the rockets, you ran the risk of exploding in mid-air. The airplane was built for one thing to conquer the speed of sound by breaking through the barrier and beyond into supersonic flight. By May of 1947, the Bell X-1 had completed 20 successful flights and reached a speed of 0.80 Mach, or 80 percent the speed of sound. Test Pilot, Chalmers Slick Goodlin tried renegotiating his contract when he realized the risks he would face. Attempting to get $150,000, he put the program on hold. The Air Force knowing that they still needed to go supersonic to compete with Russia decided to use their own test pilots. Air Force test pilots would risk their lives for a regular pay rate and flight pay amounting to a few hundred dollars a week. Flying the X-1 woul...

Free sample - Studying for an exam. translation missing

Studying for an exam. Studying for an exam  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An exam is a stressful and a terrible thing to study for, since an individual does not know whether the forthcoming exam is going to make or break their final mark. During the exam period, the levels of stress are extraordinarily higher. Most of the time the stress during exam time is positive since it can enable a candidate to be focused and motivated, but if the stress becomes too much then the candidate can feel confused and overwhelmed. So that an individual can do better on a given exam, it is very important to study carefully through the relevant materials that are covered by the exam. For a candidate to prepare effectively toward a given exam, he or she must follow ten major study habits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, the student has to vary the studying manner such that he or she uses multiple techniques and styles of learning. Second, the student should make sure all the materials need for studying are kept organized for he or she to access the key information while studying. Third, the student should at one time put the materials aside and test himself concerning the materials studied during the week so that to determine whether he or she understands the materials or whether the material needs to be reviewed. The fourth habit concerns the student reviewing the notes taken before each lesson. The fifth thing concerns the student ensuring to review the notes and assignments just after the lesson is over. The sixth habit involves a student to mark all the information he or she does not comprehend and then find the answers to the questions immediately. The seventh thing that a student needs to do is to mark anything looking familiar, for instance definitions and concepts . The eighth habit that a student has to do is to make sure that every task he or she needs to accomplish is attached with some kind of reward such as certification.   The student should ensure that he or she is kept focused on not more that one task at ago and this is the ninth habit. Finally, the tenth habit concerns a student prioritizing every task by its importance such that the most important tasks are done first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After a student has prepared thoroughly for the exam he or she can be confident during the time when they are doing the exam. Confidence can enable a student to remember most of the content he or she had already learnt. Incase a student did not prepare effectively for an exam; he or she will not be confident and therefore will panic leading to forgetting the content learnt earlier. Therefore, it is very important to prepare thoroughly for an exam if good point and grades are to be expected.

How Gender Shapes Girls' Lives Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How Gender Shapes Girls' Lives - Term Paper Example As a function of seeking to understand these dynamics to a more full and complete degree, the following analysis will engage the reader with a more informed understanding of the way in which gender norms impact upon current culture and help to define, as well as constrain, the way in which young girls self identify and create an understanding for the world around them. From a historical analysis, it can be understood that the cultural norms and mores that women were expected to adhere to within the past were generally contingent upon their own fertility, the means through which they could bring up the children that they burst, and their responsibility to take care of the men within their families (McGovern, 1998). Ultimately, this represents a patriarchal understanding of the way in which women should subject themselves to a level of second-class citizenship as compared to their male counterparts. Whereas the gender norms for men were contingent upon increasing their material possess ions and/or focusing upon those aspects of life that interested them and they believed were of value, women wear instead prompted to focus upon a very narrow set of expectations; none of these were necessarily concentric upon the desires and hopes that a woman might have with regards to the way in which her future should look. Throughout the course of the years, the patriarchal society has changed very little (Chan et al., 2012). This illusion for change is one of the most impactful factors that encourage individuals within the current era to engage with the false understanding for the fact that the current/modern dynamic is somehow drastically different than it was before. Whereas it is without question that rights and privileges have increased, the mores and the norms of society have evolved, these very same mores and norms are nonetheless still predicated upon a patriarchal definition of society; thereby, very few real changes have been effected. The fundamental issue of continui ng to define gender norms based upon fecund understanding or the ability of the female to produce and care for children is by far the single most constraining aspect of the way in which gender norms continue to impact the way in which individuals understand their own net worth and place within society. Many would argue that the level of change that was exhibited from the beginning of recorded history up until the mid 18th century was negligible. However, a recent level of emphasis upon women’s rights, and the role in which gender has with respect to define the way in which individual should behave, indicate that a fundamental break with the past has in fact been engaged. Yes, upon closer inspection, the true levels of differential that exists between the gender norms that exist within the current era and the gender norms that exist in several hundred years ago are not quite as stark as they might at first appear. Although it is true that women now have the right and ability t o integrate with the workforce, although it is true that women can choose between staying at home and seeking to benefit their lives by working and drawing a salary, although it is true that not each and every family is headed by a male, although it is true that women now have the right to vote, although it is true that a woma

International Management Ethics and Values Case Study

International Management Ethics and Values - Case Study Example Thus, it will allow the revealing of the variations or mutations that would lead to genetic disorders. This ethical theory will help in guiding the employees to take the test ethically and then help in delegating the task accordingly. (b) From the above statement the author of the study is trying to make a statement that people suffering from generic disorders cannot change their jobs or the employer cannot change the business environment. The changing of business environment because of certain employees who are more susceptible to the disease would be irrational because it would require the changing of entire business procedure. The above statement resembles the Descriptive theory which emphasize on the â€Å"What If† behaviour of the company and an individual (Dimitriou et. al., 2011). (c) The passing of several legislature laws to curb down the effects of the generic testing has been effective to a certain extent only. The generic testing itself is an intrusive behaviour an d the legal law imposes certain restrictions on it for the welfare of the common people. Thus, it can be observed that the entire process resemble the Normative ethical principles. It is a systematic process to justify the morality of the society. Answer 2 (a) Moral and Ethics are used interchangeably and is useful to make certain distinctions like morality would be used to distinguish between right and wrong. It would be served as a guide to make right decisions though moral conduct. Ethical values are nothing but the subject of the morality. The moral theories of right are basically structured set of statements which lays emphasis on how individuals conduct actions and then determine the right and wrong between them. The morality of an action is determined and there is a sharp divide between the applied ethics and moral theories. The morality of the decision will be evaluated and the correct decision will be taken only after evaluation of various alternative actions. In this case it is observed that Genetic testing would involve the testing of gene mutation of the individuals and it is a systematic procedure which involves the assistance from the employers (Pollock, 2011). (b) Utilitarianism is a concept which has been derived from the Normative Ethics and helps in the maximization of the utility process which helps in reducing suffering and increasing welfare of the people. It can be regarded as a reduction approach which works for the welfare of the people. However, it can be regarded as a technique which that determines the moral value of action. It helps us in understanding whether our actions conducted in the past are having an effect in the present or not. The theory would be only utilitarianism if it can helps in distinguishing between right and wrong and provide provides goodness to a majority of the people. The generic screening test provided by the employers of an organization would not only help them in selecting candidates who are less susceptibl e to the disease. The screening test would not only be helpful in selecting the most appropriate candidate but would also enable the candidate to come in terms with their reality. The screening test would be done keeping in mind the benefits of an entire mass (George, 2011). (c) The justice of fairness developed by John Rawls is regarded as one of the classical ethical theories which help in evaluation of moral and ethical values (Wofford College, 2000). As per this theory each individual